In the modern era, Islamic jurisprudence came face to face with the European legal system. The legal and judicial systems implemented in Muslim countries incorporated elements of sharia, as well as elements of European concepts and laws, without being able to overcome the incompatibility between sharia and legal scholarship. How did Muslim scholars see law, the rule of law, and jurisprudence? What is the difference between sharia and modern law from the anthropological and political standpoints? Judicial systems in Muslim countries represent many incompatibilities. What is the relationship between these judicial systems, the institutions of sharia, and legal institutions?
In Islamic thought, sharia is divine law legislated by God. Who is the legislative God or “holy lawgiver”?...